What does bandwidth refer to regarding RAM?

Bandwidth in the context of RAM refers to the maximum data transfer rate to and from the memory modules. It determines how much data can be transmitted to and from the RAM in a given period, usually measured in megabytes per second (MB/s) or gigabytes per second (GB/s). This characteristic is crucial for overall system performance, particularly in applications that require high memory throughput, such as gaming or data-intensive tasks.

When RAM has higher bandwidth, it can support more data being processed simultaneously, allowing the CPU to access necessary information faster. Therefore, the higher the bandwidth, the better the performance, especially in scenarios where large amounts of data are constantly moving in and out of the RAM.

The other options in this question relate to different aspects of RAM, such as the physical number of modules or the total capacity installed, neither of which directly defines the term "bandwidth."